Summary
Chapter-7
Introduction: The intricate tapestry of India’s diverse cultural landscape is woven with threads of language, religion, and art, each contributing to the unique identity of different regions. In this exploration, we delve into the historical development of regional cultures, from the evolution of languages to the influence of religious traditions and the flourishing of artistic expressions.
Language and Region: The Cheras and the Birth of Malayalam The ninth-century Chera kingdom in present-day Kerala played a pivotal role in shaping the linguistic identity of the region. The rulers introduced Malayalam, marking one of the earliest instances of a regional language being used in official records. Despite this, the Cheras also embraced Sanskritic traditions, reflecting the complex interplay between local and external influences.
Religion and Regional Identity: The Jagannatha Cult in Orissa Religious traditions, too, have been instrumental in shaping regional cultures. The cult of Jagannatha in Puri, Orissa, exemplifies this phenomenon. Originating as a local deity, Jagannatha gained prominence when rulers like Anantavarman and Anangabhima III associated themselves with the deity. The temple’s influence extended beyond the religious sphere, becoming a focal point in social and political matters.
Traditions of Heroism: Rajputs and the Cultural Landscape of Rajasthan In the nineteenth century, the region known as Rajputana witnessed the infusion of heroic ideals into its cultural fabric. Rajput rulers, from the eighth century onwards, cherished the image of the valiant hero who embraced death on the battlefield. These tales of heroism, recounted by minstrels, not only preserved the memories of rulers like Prithviraj but also captivated the imagination of ordinary people.
Beyond Regional Frontiers: The Story of Kathak Artistic expressions, such as dance, transcended regional boundaries. The history of Kathak, now associated with multiple North Indian regions, illustrates this. Originally rooted in temple storytelling, Kathak evolved under Mughal patronage, developing distinct styles in Jaipur and Lucknow. Despite facing disfavor during British colonial rule, Kathak persisted, eventually earning recognition as a classical dance form after India’s independence.
Defining Classical: Dance Forms Across India The classification of dance forms as “classical” is complex and multifaceted. Whether rooted in religious themes, skill acquisition, or adherence to laid-down rules, various dance forms, both classical and folk, share common characteristics. Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Odissi, Kuchipudi, and Manipuri are recognized as classical dances, each with its unique regional flavor.
“Classical” dances
The question of defining any art form as “classical” is often quite complicated. Do we define something as classical if it deals with a religious theme? Or do we consider it classical because it appears to require a great deal of skill acquired through
long years of training? Or is it classical because it is performed according to rules that are laid down, and variations are not encouraged? These are questions we need to think about.
It is worth remembering that many dance forms that are classified as “folk” also share several of the characteristics considered typical of “classical” forms. So, while the use of the term “classical” may suggest that these forms are superior, this need not always be literally true.
Other dance forms that are recognised as classical at present are:
Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu) Kathakali (Kerala)
Odissi (Odisha)
Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh) Manipuri (Manipur)
Painting for Patrons: The Tradition of Miniatures The tradition of miniature painting evolved diversely across regions. Influenced by Mughal patronage, miniature paintings depicted court scenes, battles, and social life. As the Mughal Empire declined, artists migrated to regional courts, such as those in the Deccan and Rajasthan, retaining Mughal influences while developing distinct styles. The Himalayan foothills, notably Himachal Pradesh, also became a hub for miniature painting, with the Kangra school distinguishing itself with soft colors and themes inspired by Vaishnavite traditions.
A Closer Look at Bengal: Language, Literature, and Art Bengal’s cultural evolution is intricately linked to its linguistic and literary development. Initially influenced by Sanskrit, Bengal’s language, Bengali, gradually emerged, incorporating elements from various sources, including tribal languages, Persian, and European languages. Early Bengali literature, divided into categories indebted and independent of Sanskrit, reflects the diverse influences on the region.
Pirs and Temples: Religious Syncretism in Bengal In the sixteenth century, Bengal witnessed significant migration, leading to the fusion of different communities. The term “pirs” encompassed Sufis, Hindu and Buddhist deities, and even animistic spirits. These pirs became influential figures in establishing order and providing spiritual guidance. Simultaneously, temple-building thrived, marking a period of religious transformation.
Fish as Food: Culinary Traditions in Bengal Bengal’s rich riverine plain influenced its traditional food habits, with rice and fish taking center stage. The popularity of fish in the local diet led to the relaxation of Brahmanical dietary restrictions for Bengal Brahmanas. The evolution of Bengali language and literature is intertwined with diverse influences, ranging from Sanskrit epics and Mangalakavyas to Nath literature, fairy tales, folk tales, and ballads.
Conclusion: India’s regional cultures, shaped by language, religion, and art, showcase a dynamic interplay of local traditions with external influences. From the evolution of languages like Malayalam and Bengali to the fusion of religious traditions and the flourishing of dance and painting forms, each region contributes uniquely to the rich tapestry of India’s cultural heritage. Understanding these diverse elements allows us to appreciate the complexity and vibrancy of India’s regional identities.