Class VIII – Political Science

Summary

Chapter – 2

Facing Discrimination in America: A Hindu or Muslim Perspective

Living as a Hindu or Muslim in a region of the United States dominated by Christian fundamentalism can be an isolating experience. Despite being a citizen, the refusal of landlords to rent their houses can evoke feelings of exclusion and resentment. Being told to “go back to India” upon complaining against this discrimination can further fuel anger and frustration.

Resentment and Anger: Responses to Discrimination

Such discrimination may evoke two primary responses. Firstly, individuals might advocate for reciprocity, arguing that Christians should face similar treatment in regions where Hindus and Muslims hold sway—a form of retaliation. Alternatively, they may champion justice for all, vehemently opposing discrimination based on religious beliefs. This stance reflects the essence of secularism, which seeks to eliminate all forms of religious domination.

Secularism: A Path to Equality

Secularism, in essence, advocates for a society where individuals are not discriminated against based on their religious practices or beliefs. It calls for a system where justice is blind to religious affiliations, ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens. This principle serves as a cornerstone for building inclusive societies, fostering mutual respect and understanding among diverse religious communities.

The Indian Context: Navigating Religious Diversity

In India, the concept of secularism holds significant importance due to its diverse religious landscape. The Constitution of India enshrines secular principles, aiming to safeguard the rights of individuals from all religious backgrounds. However, the application of secularism in India has often been debated, with challenges emerging from communal tensions and political polarization.

Challenges and Opportunities

Navigating religious diversity in America, much like in India, presents both challenges and opportunities. While discrimination and prejudice persist, there’s also room for dialogue, education, and legislative action to promote inclusivity and equality. By embracing secular values and advocating for justice, individuals can strive to create a society where religious differences are celebrated rather than used as a basis for discrimination.

Understanding Discrimination Across Religions

History is replete with instances of discrimination and persecution based on religious beliefs. From the persecution of Jews in Hitler’s Germany to the mistreatment of minorities in modern-day Israel and Saudi Arabia, these examples underscore the detrimental effects of religious discrimination. Such discrimination often occurs when one religion is favored by the state at the expense of others, leading to inequality and oppression.

Secularism in India: A Safeguard Against Religious Discrimination

In India, the Constitution upholds Fundamental Rights that protect individuals from both state power and the tyranny of the majority. Central to this protection is the principle of secularism, which ensures the separation of religion and state authority. This separation is crucial for preserving religious freedom and preventing discrimination based on religious beliefs.

The Importance of Separating Religion from State Power

Secularism serves as a safeguard against the tyranny of the majority, especially in diverse societies where multiple religious groups coexist. If the majority religious group controls state power, it can easily use its authority to discriminate against minorities, leading to coercion and even violence. By separating religion from the state, democratic societies uphold the rights of all citizens, regardless of their religious affiliation.

Protecting Individual Freedoms

Furthermore, secularism protects the freedom of individuals to choose and interpret their religious beliefs as they see fit. In democratic societies, individuals should have the liberty to exit their religion, embrace another faith, or interpret religious teachings differently. This freedom becomes especially crucial in challenging practices like untouchability within Hinduism, where individuals may seek reform but face resistance from those in power who advocate for a singular interpretation of religion.

Championing Religious Pluralism

By separating religion from the state, democratic societies foster an environment of religious pluralism and tolerance. Individuals can freely practice their beliefs without fear of persecution or coercion. Secularism thus stands as a cornerstone of democracy, ensuring that the rights and freedoms of all citizens, regardless of their religious beliefs, are protected and upheld.

In February 2004, France passed a law banning students from wearing any conspicuous religious or political signs or symbols such as the Islamic headscarf, the Jewish skullcap, or large Christian crosses. This law has encountered a lot of resistance from immigrants who are mainly from the former French colonies of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. In the 1960s, France had faced a shortage of workers and, therefore, had provided visas for these immigrants to come and work in the country. The daughters of these immigrants often wear headscarves while attending school. However, with the passing of this new law, they have been expelled from their school for wearing headscarve