Navigating India’s Transport Landscape: A Comprehensive Overview

Transportation in India is a multifaceted system crucial for connecting people, goods, and services across the vast expanse of the nation. This article delves into the various modes of transportation integral to India’s infrastructure and economy.

Roadways: India boasts an extensive road network comprising national highways, state highways, and rural roads, facilitating the movement of people and goods throughout the country. Transitioning from urban centers to remote villages, roads serve as lifelines for transportation and commerce.

Railways: With one of the world’s largest railway networks, India’s railways play a pivotal role in both passenger and freight transportation. Transitioning millions daily, this vast network interconnects major cities and remote regions, contributing significantly to India’s economic growth.

Airways: India’s domestic and international air travel is facilitated by a network of airports spanning the nation. Catering to millions of passengers annually, airways offer swift connectivity between cities and countries, supporting tourism, business, and trade.

Waterways: Inland and coastal waterways form another essential component of India’s transport infrastructure. Rivers, canals, and ports facilitate the transportation of goods and passengers, offering an economical and environmentally friendly alternative for certain routes.

Pipelines: Pipelines crisscross the Indian landscape, transporting petroleum products, natural gas, and other substances vital for industry and daily life. Serving as a reliable means of bulk transportation, pipelines contribute to the nation’s energy security and economic stability.

India’s transport system is a complex web of interconnected modes crucial for sustaining the nation’s economic activities and societal well-being. By continually enhancing and modernizing these transportation networks, India can ensure efficient movement of people and goods, fostering growth and development across the country.

Roadways in India

India’s Robust Road Network: Driving Economic Progress

Roads in India constitute a vital component of the country’s transportation infrastructure, facilitating the movement of people and goods across vast distances. With an extensive network spanning millions of kilometers, India boasts the second-largest road network globally, following the United States.

Quantitative Density: India’s road network covers over 6.3 million kilometers, representing a remarkable feat in infrastructure development. This network equates to approximately 1.94 kilometers of roads per square kilometer of land, surpassing many other countries in density, including the United States, China, Brazil, and Russia.

Population Adjusted: Despite its vast road network, when adjusted for population size, India’s road density remains lower than that of the United States but surpasses that of China. With approximately 5.13 kilometers of roads per 1,000 people, India’s road infrastructure plays a critical role in supporting the mobility needs of its populace.

Role in Transportation: India’s road network shoulders a significant burden of the nation’s transportation demands, carrying over 71% of freight and about 85% of passenger traffic. This underscores the crucial role of roads in facilitating trade, commerce, and connectivity throughout the country.

Modernization Efforts: Since the 1990s, India has embarked on extensive efforts to modernize its road infrastructure, aiming to enhance connectivity and efficiency. These endeavors have led to significant progress, with 70% of Indian roads paved as of March 2020, and the completion of over 35,000 kilometers of four or more lane highways by December 2023.

National Highways and Expressways: India’s Ministry of Road Transport and Highways oversees the development and management of national highways and expressways, which totaled approximately 151,019 kilometers as of March 2021. Additional state highways further augment the connectivity across regions, fostering economic growth and regional development.

Initiatives and Partnerships: Major initiatives such as Bharatmala, initiated by the Government of India, aim to enhance connectivity and infrastructure development across the country. Private builders and highway operators also play a significant role in implementing key projects, furthering the expansion and modernization of India’s road network.

The development and maintenance of the National Highway system in India:

The development and maintenance of the National Highway system in India are carried out by three primary agencies:

1. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI): NHAI is responsible for the development, maintenance, and management of National Highways across the country. It oversees the planning and execution of highway projects, including construction, expansion, and modernization.
2. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH): MoRTH plays a crucial role in formulating policies, guidelines, and regulations related to road transportation, including National Highways. It works closely with NHAI and other stakeholders to ensure the smooth functioning and development of the highway network.
3. State Public Works Departments (PWDs): Each state has its own Public Works Department responsible for the construction and maintenance of roads, including National Highways passing through the respective state. These departments collaborate with NHAI and MoRTH to implement highway projects and ensure their upkeep.

Organisation	Related ministries	Established	Current Chairperson	First Chairperson	Headquarters
National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)	Ministry of road transport & highway	1988	Santosh Kumar Yadav  (IAS)	Yogendra Narain	New Delhi
Border Road Organisation (BRO)	Ministry of Defence	7 May 1960	Lt. Gen. Raghu Srinivasan	Maj. Gen. K. N. Dubey	Seema Sadak Bhawan, New Delhi
State Public Works Department		1854 (Lord Dalhousie)

The Indian road network is managed by various government authorities under India’s federal system. The table below summarizes the total length of roads categorized by type and administering authority as of March 31, 2020

Category	Managing Authority	Length (km)	Length Percentages
National highways	Ministry of Road Transport and Highways	151,000	2.19%
State highways	Public works department of state/union territory	186,528	3.00%
District Roads	Public works department of state/union territory	632,154	10.17%
Rural roads	Panchayats and PMGSY	4,535,511	72.97%
Urban roads	Municipal corporations and municipalities	544,683	8.76%
Project roads	Various government departments of states/union territories, and SAIL, NMDC and BRO	354,921	5.70%

Growth of Road Network by Categories (km)

Road Category	1950-51	1960-61	1970-71	1980-81	1990-91	2000-01	2010-11	2015-16	2020-21
National Highways	19,811 (4.95%)	23,798 (4.54%)	23,838 (2.61%)	31,671 (2.13%)	33,650 (1.45%)	57,737 (1.71%)	70,934 (1.52%)	101,011 (1.80%)	151,000 (2.51%)
State highways	–	–	56,765 (6.20%)	94,359 (6.35%)	127,311 (5.47%)	132,100 (3.92%)	163,898 (3.50%)	176,166 (3.14%)	186,528 (3.00%)
District roads	173,723 (43.44%)	257,125 (49.02%)	276,833 (30.26%)	421,895 (28.40%)	509,435 (21.89%)	736,001 (21.82%)	998,895 (21.36%)	561,940 (10.03%)	632,154 (10.17%)
Rural roads	206,408 (51.61%)	197,194 (37.60%)	354,530 (38.75%)	628,865 (42.34%)	1,260,430 (54.16%)	1,972,016 (58.46%)	2,749,804 (58.80%)	3,935,337 (70.23%)	4,535,511 (72.97%)
Urban roads	0	46,361 (8.84%)	72,120 (7.88%)	123,120 (8.29%)	186,799 (8.03%)	252,001 (7.47%)	411,679 (8.80%)	509,730 (9.10%)	544,683 (8.76%)
Project roads	0	0	130,893 (14.31%)	185,511 (12.49%)	209,737 (9.01%)	223,665 (6.63%)	281,628 (6.02%)	319,109 (5.70%)	354,921 (5.71%)

India’s road network stands as a testament to the nation’s commitment to infrastructure development and economic progress. With ongoing efforts to modernize and expand road infrastructure, India is poised to meet the evolving transportation needs of its growing population while driving sustained economic growth and development.

Unlocking India’s Economic Backbone: The Golden Quadrilateral

The Golden Quadrilateral, a monumental national highway network, intertwines India’s vital economic, agricultural, and cultural hubs. This expansive network forms a quadrilateral, seamlessly connecting the nation’s four largest metropolises: Delhi in the north, Kolkata in the east, Mumbai in the west, and Chennai in the south. Spearheaded by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), operating under the Ministry of Road, Transport, and Highways, this colossal project commenced in 2001 as the cornerstone of Phase 1 within the broader National Highway Development Project initiated in 1998.

Key Highlights:

• Mammoth Infrastructure: Upon completion, the Golden Quadrilateral comprised an extensive 5,846 kilometers (3,633 miles) of four/six-lane express roads, establishing it as India’s most extensive highway project and the world’s sixth-longest.
• Symbolism in Naming: True to its name, the Golden Quadrilateral unites India’s major industrial, agricultural, and cultural centers, forming a geometric quadrilateral through its connectivity between Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai.
• Facilitating Economic Growth: The primary objective of this extensive highway network is to expedite travel and commerce between India’s four megacities, thereby stimulating economic growth and development across the nation.
• Inclusive Corridors: Beyond connecting the major metropolises, the project incorporates the North-South corridor, linking Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, and the East-West corridor, stretching from Silchar in Assam to Porbandar in Gujarat. This inclusive approach also extends connectivity to other pivotal cities such as Pune, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Kanpur, Surat in the north, and Bengaluru, Visakhapatnam, and Bhubaneswar in the south.
• Enhancing Infrastructure: The Golden Quadrilateral project focuses on strengthening infrastructure and streamlining traffic flow by eliminating bottlenecks. This involves bolstering tracks, installing welded rail panels spanning 260 meters, and enhancing bends and slopes to support higher speed limits.
• Acceleration of Speed Limits: Notably, the systematic enhancements have facilitated an increase in speed limits along critical sections, such as the High-Density Network (HDN) between Secunderabad and Kazipet, where the maximum speed restriction has been elevated to 130 kmph.

The Golden Quadrilateral stands as a testament to India’s unwavering commitment to modernizing its transportation infrastructure, fostering connectivity, and propelling the nation towards greater economic prosperity and development.

Indian Railways:

Overview of Indian Railways: Indian Railways, a statutory body under the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India, oversees the country’s national railway system. As of 2023, it boasts the fourth largest railway system globally, covering a vast running track length of 104,647 km and a route length of 68,426 km, with a significant portion electrified.

Historical Milestones: The journey of Indian Railways began with the operation of the first steam-operated railway in 1837 in Madras, with passenger services commencing in 1853 between Bombay and Thane. Subsequently, electric trains made their debut in Bombay in 1925, marking a significant technological advancement. The establishment of locomotive and coach manufacturing units in the mid-20th century further bolstered the railway’s infrastructure.

Zonal Reorganization and Expansion: In 1951, Indian Railways underwent a reorganization, consolidating various railway companies into six regional zones. Over time, the network expanded to encompass 19 zones, enhancing operational efficiency and service coverage across the country.

Operational Scale: Indian Railways operates a diverse range of express, passenger, and suburban trains, catering to the transportation needs of millions of passengers daily. In the fiscal year 2018–19, it operated an average of 13,523 trains per day, serving 7,325 stations and carrying a staggering 8.44 billion passengers.

Freight Transport: In addition to passenger services, Indian Railways plays a pivotal role in freight transport. In the fiscal year 2022–23, it operated an average of 8,479 freight trains daily, transporting a substantial 1418.1 million tonnes of freight.

Rolling Stock and Infrastructure: Indian Railways maintains an extensive fleet of rolling stock, including freight wagons, passenger coaches, electric, and diesel locomotives. As of March 2022, it boasted 318,196 freight wagons and 84,863 passenger coaches. By December 2023, the network had 10,238 electric and 4,543 diesel locomotives, underscoring its commitment to modernization and operational excellence.

Early Development (1832–1899):

• Proposal for first railway line in 1832.
• Operationalization of track in Madras in 1837.
• Establishment of Madras Railway in 1845.
• Introduction of first passenger train in 1853.

Expansion and Modernization (1900–1999):

• Reorganization into six regional zones in 1950.
• Introduction of diesel locomotives in 1954.
• Advent of air-conditioned trains and high-speed express services.

Technological Advancements and Innovation (2000–Present):

• Introduction of online ticketing in 2002.
• Launch of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) trains in 2015.
• Focus on sustainability with plans for net-zero carbon emission railway by 2030.

Future Prospects and Sustainability Initiatives:

• Embracing technology for enhanced passenger experience.
• Implementation of sustainability measures like solar-powered trains.
• Commitment to providing world-class transportation while minimizing environmental impact.

Fascinating Facts About Indian Railways: A Compilation

1. 169 Years of Heritage: Established in 1853, Indian Railways has a rich history, with its inaugural passenger train journey covering 34 kilometers from Mumbai’s Bori Bandar to Thane.
2. Mascot, “Bholu”: The adorable elephant mascot, Bholu, symbolizes the ethos of Indian Railways, representing qualities like responsibility, sincerity, and stability.
3. First Railway Workshop in Bihar: Jamalpur, Bihar, hosts the first railway workshop established by the British in 1862, which later expanded into a significant industrial hub.
4. World’s 4th Largest Rail Network: Covering over 68,000 kilometers, Indian Railways ranks as the fourth-largest rail network globally, with a substantial electrified section.
5. UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Indian Railways boasts ownership of four UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including iconic railways like Darjeeling Himalayan, Nilgiri Mountain, and Kalka Shimla Railways.
6. Operational Rail Museums: With 34 operational rail museums, heritage galleries, art galleries, and heritage parks across India, Indian Railways preserves and promotes its rich history and cultural significance.
7. World’s Longest Platform: Gorakhpur Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh holds the title for the world’s longest platform, with a length of 1,366 meters, soon to be surpassed by Hubli Junction.
8. Luxurious Trains: Indian Railways offers opulent experiences through five luxury trains, including the Palace on Wheels and Maharajas’ Express, providing a royal journey for passengers.
9. Longest and Shortest Train Rides: Vivek Express covers the longest journey from Kanyakumari to Dibrugarh, while the shortest ride spans only 3 kilometers from Nagpur to Ajni.
10. Two Stations at One Location: Ahmednagar hosts two railway stations, Srirampur and Belapur, situated at the same spot but on opposite sides of the tracks.
11. Mathura Junction’s Railway Routes: Mathura Junction stands out with seven railway lines, the highest number of routes originating from a single location.
12. Financial Operations: Despite its vast earnings, Indian Railways spends 94% of its revenue on operational expenses, emphasizing its commitment to efficient functioning.
13. Diamond Crossing in Nagpur: The unique Diamond Crossing in Nagpur facilitates trains traveling in four directions, requiring attentive operation by railway staff.
14. World’s Highest Rail Bridge: Indian Railways is constructing the world’s highest rail arch bridge over the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, showcasing engineering excellence.
15. Largest Employer: With approximately 1.4 million employees, Indian Railways ranks as one of the world’s largest employers, contributing significantly to employment in India.
16. Pir Pranjal Tunnel: Located in Jammu and Kashmir, Pir Pranjal Tunnel stands as India’s longest railway tunnel, highlighting the infrastructure development efforts.
17. Busiest Railway Station: Howrah Junction in Kolkata holds the distinction of being the busiest railway station in India, catering to over a million passengers daily.
18. Electrical Appliances in Coaches: Electrical appliances in railway coaches operate at 110 volts, a unique feature ensuring safety and security.
19. Suspension Frequency: The suspension frequency of train coaches aligns with the human body’s resonance frequency, promoting comfortable travel experiences.
20. Oldest Working Locomotive: The Fairy Queen, built-in 1885 and relaunched in 1997, continues to operate as the oldest working locomotive, offering nostalgic journeys for tourists.
21. Oldest Functioning Steam Engine: The Fairy Queen, operating since 1885, holds the title of the world’s oldest functioning steam engine, offering scenic journeys between New Delhi and Alwar in Rajasthan.
22. UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Four iconic sites of Indian Railways, namely Darjeeling-Himalayan Railway, Nilgiri Mountain Railway, Mumbai CST, and Kalka-Shimla Railways, have been recognized as “World Heritage sites” by UNESCO, highlighting their historical and cultural significance.
23. Nationalization in 1951: Indian Railways underwent nationalization in 1951, marking a significant milestone in its evolution as a vital national asset.
24. Introduction of Toilets: In 1909, Indian Railways introduced toilets onboard its trains, enhancing passenger comfort and hygiene during journeys.
25. Computerized Reservation: The advent of computerized reservation systems revolutionized ticket booking on Indian Railways, with New Delhi witnessing the first implementation in 1986, streamlining the booking process for passengers.
26. Vast Network: Indian Railways stands as the world’s second-largest network operated under a single administration and the largest rail network in Asia, facilitating extensive connectivity across the country.
27. Cargo Operations: The railway operates over 7,421 cargo trains daily, transporting a staggering 3 million tons of freight, contributing significantly to the nation’s economy.
28. Billion Tons Club: Indian Railways joined an elite group of railways, including China, Russia, and the USA, by carrying more than one billion tons of cargo annually, showcasing its immense operational capacity.
29. Financial Autonomy: As per the recommendations of the Acworth Committee in 1920-21, Indian Railways’ finances were separated from general government finances in 1924, ensuring financial autonomy and efficiency.
30. Live Telecast of Railway Budget: In 1994, Indian Railways witnessed the first live telecast of the railway budget, marking a milestone in transparent governance and public engagement.
31. Merger of Railway and General Budget: Recently, the Railway and General Budgets have been merged, streamlining financial planning and resource allocation for the railways.
32. Fastest Train Trial Run: India’s fastest train completed a successful trial run at 160 km per hour on the Delhi-Agra route in just 90 minutes, showcasing advancements in rail technology and infrastructure.
33. First Woman Railway Minister: Mamata Banerjee made history as the first woman Railway Minister in 2000, further becoming the only woman to introduce railway budgets for both UPA and NDA governments.
34. Gatimaan Express: The Gatimaan Express, connecting New Delhi to Agra, currently holds the title of India’s fastest train, offering swift and comfortable travel for passengers.
35. Slowest Train: The Mettupalayam-Ooty Nilgiri Passenger train operates at an average speed of 10 kmph, earning the title of India’s slowest train, traversing picturesque landscapes at a leisurely pace.
36. World’s Largest Route Relay Interlocking System: The New Delhi Railway Station boasts the world’s largest Route Relay Interlocking System, ensuring efficient and safe train operations.
37. Seventh-Largest Employer: With over 1.4 million employees, Indian Railways ranks as the world’s seventh-largest employer, providing significant employment opportunities and contributing to the country’s workforce.
38. Longest Platform at Gorakhpur: The renewed platform at Gorakhpur Railway Station, measuring 1,366 meters, holds the title of the world’s longest platform, catering to the needs of millions of passengers.
39. World’s Highest Railway Bridge: Indian Railways is constructing the world’s highest railway bridge, towering over the Chenab River, five times taller than the Qutub Minar and 35 meters taller than the Eiffel Tower, showcasing engineering marvels.
40. Longest Tunnel – Pir Panjal: The Pir Panjal Tunnel stands as Indian Railways’ longest tunnel, linking the Kashmir Valley with Banihal in Jammu, facilitating seamless connectivity across challenging terrains.
41. Shortest and Longest Station Names: The station with the shortest name is “Ib” in Odisha, while the station with the longest name is “Venkatanarasimharajuvaripeta,” exemplifying the diversity and uniqueness of Indian Railways’ station names.
42. India’s largest private rail coach factory is in Telangana’s Kondakal village.

In conclusion, Indian Railways stands as a testament to India’s prowess in transportation infrastructure, facilitating seamless connectivity and efficient movement of goods and people across the vast expanse of the nation.

Waterways in India:

India’s water transport is vital for domestic and international trade, utilizing a vast network of rivers, canals, and coastlines. It’s cost-effective and eco-friendly, contributing significantly to the nation’s economy.

Economic Importance

Water transport is inexpensive, requiring minimal investment in infrastructure. India’s 14,500 km of inland waterways and 6,100 km coastline facilitate efficient transportation, especially for bulky goods.

Progress in Shipping

Since independence, India has become a major player in global shipping, with ports like Mumbai, Kandla, and Kolkata driving maritime trade. Jawaharlal Nehru Port exemplifies modernization and efficiency.

Future Vision

The Inland Waterways Authority of India aims to increase cargo capacity from 55 to 100 million tons by 2021–22, signaling continued growth and investment in water transport infrastructure.

Major Ports of India: Gateway to Maritime Trade

Eastern Coast

1. Chennai Port (Tamil Nadu): This artificial port ranks as the second busiest in India, serving as a vital hub for trade and commerce in the region.
2. Ennore Port (Tamil Nadu): India’s first corporatized port, Ennore, boasts modern facilities and infrastructure, enhancing its efficiency and operations.
3. Kolkata Port (West Bengal): Situated on the Hugli River, Kolkata Port is renowned as India’s only major riverine port, also known as Diamond Harbour, playing a crucial role in eastern India’s maritime trade.
4. Paradip Port (Odisha): Known for its natural harbor, Paradip is instrumental in handling exports of iron and aluminum, contributing significantly to Odisha’s economy.
5. Tuticorin Port (Tamil Nadu): As a major port in South India, Tuticorin specializes in handling fertilizers and petrochemical products, catering to the region’s industrial needs.

Western Coast

6. Kochi Port (Kerala): Situated in the picturesque Vembanad Lake, Kochi Port plays a vital role in exporting spices and salts, contributing to Kerala’s rich maritime heritage.
7. Kandla Port (Gujarat): Acknowledged as a tidal port and a trade-free zone, Kandla is the largest port by cargo volume handled, facilitating Gujarat’s international trade.
8. Mangalore Port (Karnataka): Specializing in iron ore exports, Mangalore Port serves as a crucial gateway for Karnataka’s mineral resources to reach global markets.
9. Mormugao Port (Goa): Located at the estuary of the Zuari River, Mormugao Port contributes to Goa’s economy by facilitating trade and commerce in the region.
10. Mumbai Port Trust (Maharashtra): Mumbai Port, the largest natural port and harbor in India, stands as the busiest port in the country, serving as a vital maritime gateway for Maharashtra.
11. Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) – Nhava Sheva, Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra): As the largest artificial port and container port in India, JNPT plays a pivotal role in handling the country’s containerized cargo.

Others

12. Visakhapatnam Port (Andhra Pradesh): Known as the deepest port in India, Visakhapatnam facilitates the export of iron ore to Japan and offers amenities for shipbuilding and repair.
13. Port Blair (Andaman & Nicobar Islands): Strategically located between international shipping lines, Port Blair serves as a crucial maritime link between the Indian mainland and global markets, connecting through ship and flight routes.

The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) has established a robust management and monitoring system staffed with competent and experienced professionals to ensure the timely and high-quality execution of projects on National Waterways (NWs). Regular reviews of project progress are conducted at various levels within IWAI and the government to maintain accountability and efficiency.

Inland Water Transport (IWT) is widely acknowledged as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective mode of transportation. According to the RITES Report of 2014 on Integrated National Waterways Transportation Grid, the benefits of IWT compared to rail and road transportation include superior fuel efficiency and cost savings:

• Fuel Efficiency: 1 litre of fuel can move 24 tonne-km on road, 95 tonne-km on rail, and 215 tonne-km on IWT, indicating significantly higher fuel efficiency for waterway transport.
• Comparative Cost: The cost for moving freight is substantially lower via inland waterways compared to railways and highways. The freight cost per tonne-km is Rs. 1.36 for railways, Rs. 2.50 for highways, and only Rs. 1.06 for IWT, making it a more economical choice for transportation.

Apart from the economic and environmental advantages, IWT aims to provide shippers and logistics players with an alternative to the dominant modes of transport, namely road and rail. This diversification of transportation options enhances flexibility, resilience, and overall efficiency in the logistics sector.

Name	River	States	Length of NW (km)	Operational (Y/N/Partial)
NW1	Prayagraj-Haldia stretch of Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly Rivers	Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal	1620	Y
NW2	Sadiya-Dhubri stretch of Brahmaputra River	Assam	891	Y
NW3	Kollam-Kottapuram stretch of West Coast Canal and Champakara canal and Udyogmandal canal	Kerala	365	Y
NW4	Kakinada to Puducherry (Buckingham canal)	Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry	1095	N
NW5	Talcher-Dhamra stretch of Brahmani River-Kharsua River-Tantighai River-Pandua Nala-Dudhei Nala-Kani Dhamra River; Geonkhali-Charbatia stretch of coovum Canal; Harbatia-Dhamra stretch of Matai River and Mahanadi Delta Rivers	Odisha, West Bengal	623	Y
NW6	Aai River	Assam	121
NW7	Ajay River	West Bengal	96	Y
NW8	Alappuzha-Changanassery Canal	Kerala	28	Y
NW9	Alappuzha-Kottayam-Athirampuzha Canal	Kerala	38	Partial
NW10	Amba River	Maharashtra	45	Y
NW11	Arunavati River-Aran River	Northern Maharashtra	98	Y
NW12	Asi River	Uttar Pradesh	5.5	Y
NW13	AVM Canal	Kerala, Tamil Nadu	11	N
NW14	Baitarani River	Odisha	49	Y
NW15	Bakreshwar River-Mayurakshi River	West Bengal	137	Y
NW16	Barak River	Assam	121	Y
NW17	Beas River	Himachal Pradesh, Punjab	191	Y
NW18	Beki River	Assam	73	Y
NW19	Betwa River	Uttar Pradesh	68	Y
NW20	Bhavani River	Tamil Nadu	94	Y
NW21	Bhima River	Telangana, Karnataka	139	N
NW22	Birupa River-Badi River-Genguti River-Brahmani River	Odisha	156	N
NW23	Budhabalanga River	Odisha	56	N
NW24	Chambal River	Uttar Pradesh	60	Y
NW25	Chapora River	Goa	33	N
NW26	Chenab River	Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab	53	Y
NW27	Cumbarjua Canal	Goa	17	N
NW28	Dabhol creek-Vashishti River	Maharashtra	45	Y
NW29	Damodar River	West Bengal	135	N
NW30	Dihing River	Assam	114	Y
NW31	Dhansiri River-Chathe River	Assam	110	N
NW32	Dikhu River	Assam	63	N
NW33	Doyans River	Assam	61	N
NW34	DVC canal	West Bengal	130	N
NW35	Dwarakeswar River	West Bengal	113	N
NW36	Dwarka River	West Bengal	121	N
NW37	Gandak River	Bihar, Uttar Pradesh	300	N
NW38	Gangadhar River	Assam, West Bengal	62	N
NW39	Ganol River	Meghalaya	49	N
NW40	Ghaghara River	Bihar, Uttar Pradesh	340	N
NW41	Ghataprabha River	Karnataka	112	N
NW42	Gomti River	Uttar Pradesh	518	N
NW43	Gurupura River	Karnataka	10	N
NW44	Ichamati River	West Bengal	64	N
NW45	Indira Gandhi Canal	Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan	650	N
NW46	Indus River	Ladakh	35	N
NW47	Jalangi River	West Bengal	131	N
NW48	Jawai River-Luni River and Rann of Kutch	Rajasthan, Gujarat	590	N
NW49	Jhelum River	Jammu and Kashmir	110	N
NW50	Jinjiram River	Meghalaya, Assam	43	N
NW51	Kabini River	Karnataka	23	N
NW52	Kali River	Karnataka	54	N
NW53	Kalyan-Thane-Mumbai Waterway, Vasai Creek and Ulhas River	Maharashtra	145	N
NW54	Karmanasa River	Uttar Pradesh, Bihar	86	N
NW55	Kaveri River-Kollidam River	Tamil Nadu	364	N
NW56	Kharkai River	Jharkhand	23	N
NW57	Kopili River	Assam	46	N
NW58	Kosi River	Bihar	236	N
NW59	Kottayam-Vaikom Canal	Kerala	28	N
NW60	Kumari River	West Bengal	77	N
NW61	Kumari River	Meghalaya	28	N
NW62	Lohit River	Assam	100	N
NW63	Luni River	Rajasthan	327	N
NW64	Mahanadi River	Odisha	425	N
NW65	Mahananda River	West Bengal	81	N
NW66	Mahi River	Gujarat	248	N
NW67	Malaprabha River	Karnataka	94	N
NW68	Mandovi River	Goa	41	Y
NW69	Manimuthar River	Tamil Nadu	5	N
NW70	Manjara River	Maharashtra, Telangana	242	N
NW71	Mapusa River-Moide River	Goa	27	N
NW72	Nag River	Maharashtra	60	N
NW73	Narmada River	Gujarat	227	Y
NW74	Netravati River	Karnataka	78	N
NW75	Palar River	Tamil Nadu	141	N
NW76	Panchagangavalli River (Panchagangoli)	Karnataka	23	N
NW77	Pazhyar River	Tamil Nadu	20	N
NW78	Painganga River-Wardha River	Maharashtra, Telangana	265	N
NW79	Penna River	Andhra Pradesh	29	N
NW80	Ponnaiyar River	Tamil Nadu	125	N
NW81	Punpun River	Bihar	35	N
NW82	Puthimari River	Assam	72	N
NW83	Rajpuri creek	Maharashtra	31	Y
NW84	Ravi River	Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir	42	N
NW85	Revdanda creek, Kundalika River	Maharashtra	31	Y
NW86	Rupnarayan River	West Bengal	72	N
NW87	Sabarmati River	Gujarat	212	N
NW88	Sal River	Goa	14	N
NW89	Savitri River, Bankot creek	Maharashtra	46	N
NW90	Sharavati river	Karnataka	29	N
NW91	Shastri River-Jaigad Fort creek	Maharashtra	52	Y
NW92	Shilabati River	West Bengal	26	N
NW93	Simsang River	Meghalaya	62	N
NW94	Son River	Bihar	160	N
NW95	Subansiri River	Assam	111	N
NW96	Subarnarekha River	Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha	314	N
NW97	Sunderbans waterways	West Bengal	654	Y
NW98	Sutlej River	Himachal Pradesh, Punjab	377	N
NW99	Thamirabarani River	Tamil Nadu	64	N
NW100	Tapi River	Maharashtra, Gujarat	436	Y
NW101	Tizu River, Zungki River	Nagaland	42	N
NW102	Tlwang River	Mizoram	86	N
NW103	Tons River	Uttar Pradesh	73	N
NW104	Tungabhadra River	Telangana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh	230	N
NW105	Udayavara River	Karnataka	16	N
NW106	Umngot River	Meghalaya	20	N
NW107	Vaigai River	Tamil Nadu	45	N
NW108	Varuna River	Uttar Pradesh	53	N
NW109	Wainganga River-Pranahita River	Maharashtra, Telangana	164	N
NW110	Yamuna River	Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi	1089	Partial
NW111	Zuari River	Goa	50	Y

India’s water transport is a cornerstone of economic development, offering cost-effective and sustainable solutions for trade and commerce. With ongoing modernization efforts, the future promises even greater opportunities for growth and prosperity.

Air Transport:

Aviation Landscape in India

Civil Aviation Development

Since its inception, aviation in India has undergone significant transformation, evolving into one of the fastest-growing aviation markets globally, as recognized by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). The country boasts an extensive civilian air transportation network, with a rich history dating back to the first commercial flight on 18 February 1911.

Regulatory Framework

The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), established in 1931 under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, serves as the regulatory body overseeing civil aviation operations. The Airports Authority of India manages the country’s civil aviation infrastructure, which comprises 32 international airports, 9 limited international airports, and over 100 domestic and private airports.

Private Sector Involvement

De-regulation in the 1990s marked a significant milestone, opening the aviation industry to private players. Today, private entities play a dominant role in catering to the burgeoning air travel demand, collectively handling over 200 million passengers annually.

Flag Carrier and Consolidation

Air India, tracing its origins to 1932, stands as the flag carrier of India. The Air Corporations Act of March 1953 consolidated eight independent domestic airlines into two government-owned entities, including Air India, shaping the landscape of Indian aviation.

Military Aviation

Under the Ministry of Defence, the Indian Armed Forces oversee military aviation operations. The Royal Indian Air Force, established in 1932 and later rechristened as the Indian Air Force in 1950, serves as the principal military air operator. Additionally, the Indian Army, Navy, and Coast Guard maintain air infrastructure in a supporting role.

The passenger traffic data for FY 2022-23 presented in a table:

Rank	Name	City	State/UT	IATA Code	Passengers (2022-23)	Passengers (2021-22)	% Change
1	Indira Gandhi International Airport	Delhi NCR	Delhi	DEL	65,327,833	39,339,998	166.1
2	Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Intl Airport	Mumbai	Maharashtra	BOM	43,930,298	21,747,892	1102.0
3	Kempegowda Intl Airport	Bengaluru	Karnataka	BLR	31,911,429	16,287,097	195.9
4	Rajiv Gandhi International Airport	Hyderabad	Telangana	HYD	20,996,027	12,429,796	168.9
5	Chennai Intl Airport	Chennai	Tamil Nadu	MAA	18,571,393	9,533,301	194.8
6	Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Intl Airport	Kolkata	West Bengal	CCU	17,768,862	11,036,108	161.0
7	Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Intl Airport	Ahmedabad	Gujarat	AMD	10,137,001	5,670,896	178.8
8	Cochin Intl Airport	Kochi	Kerala	COK	8,812,531	4,717,777	186.8
9	Dabolim Airport	Dabolim	Goa	GOI	8,359,393	5,238,051	159.6
10	Pune Airport	Pune	Maharashtra	PNQ	8,007,160	3,713,491	1115.6
11	Chaudhary Charan Singh Intl Airport	Lucknow	Uttar Pradesh	LKO	5,220,528	3,303,960	158.0
12	Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi Intl Airport	Guwahati	Assam	GAU	5,051,480	3,148,956	160.4
13	Jaipur Intl Airport	Jaipur	Rajasthan	JAI	4,764,382	2,943,171	161.9
14	Srinagar Intl Airport	Srinagar	Jammu and Kashmir	SXR	4,409,665	3,158,400	139.6
15	Jay Prakash Narayan Airport	Patna	Bihar	PAT	3,748,635	2,967,681	126.3
16	Chandigarh Airport	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	IXC	3,677,786	2,289,169	160.7
17	Biju Patnaik Intl Airport	Bhubaneswar	Odisha	BBI	3,624,905	2,135,893	169.7
18	Trivandrum Intl Airport	Thiruvananthapuram	Kerala	TRV	3,478,067	1,655,506	1110.1
19	Calicut Intl Airport	Kozhikode	Kerala	CCJ	2,982,879	1,665,145	179.1
20	Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Intl Airport	Indore	Madhya Pradesh	IDR	2,828,587	1,629,668	173.6
21	Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Intl Airport	Nagpur	Maharashtra	NAG	2,565,155	1,605,433	159.8
22	Coimbatore Intl Airport	Coimbatore	Tamil Nadu	CJB	2,557,263	1,285,922	198.9
23	Bagdogra Intl Airport	Siliguri	West Bengal	IXB	2,555,305	1,980,049	129.1
24	Lal Bahadur Shastri Intl Airport	Varanasi	Uttar Pradesh	VNS	2,521,442	1,708,220	147.6
25	Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee Intl Airport	Amritsar	Punjab	ATQ	2,516,518	1,382,004	182.1
26	Visakhapatnam Intl Airport	Visakhapatnam	Andhra Pradesh	VTZ	2,500,654	1,610,483	155.3
27	Birsa Munda Airport	Ranchi	Jharkhand	IXR	2,417,774	1,723,237	140.3
28	Swami Vivekananda Airport	Raipur	Chhattisgarh	RPR	2,251,998	1,407,157	160.0
29	Mangalore Intl Airport	Mangalore	Karnataka	IXE	1,809,266	1,013,453	178.5

With a rich history, a robust regulatory framework, and a vibrant mix of public and private sector participation, aviation in India continues to soar to new heights, facilitating connectivity, economic growth, and national security. As the industry evolves further, sustained collaboration between stakeholders will be essential to meet the evolving needs of air travelers and maintain the country’s position as a key player in the global aviation arena.

Pipelines in India:

Pipelines: Efficient Transportation and Environmental Challenges

Pipelines stand out as a highly efficient and favored mode of bulk transportation for petroleum products, gases, liquids, and even solids over extensive distances. They offer several advantages over alternative modes of transportation, along with some inherent challenges.

Advantages:

1. Energy Efficiency: Pipelines boast minimal energy consumption compared to other transportation modes.
2. Low Transit Losses: The losses during transit are significantly reduced when products are transported through pipelines.
3. Cost-effectiveness: Running costs for materials transported via pipelines are remarkably low, often less than ten times that of surface transportation.
4. Minimal Wastage: Pipelines minimize material wastage, particularly notable in the transportation of substances like coal and iron ore slurry.
5. Versatility: They can be laid across challenging terrains and even underwater, providing access to areas inaccessible to other transport modes.
6. Weather Resilience: Unlike other modes, pipelines remain unaffected by seasonal variations and adverse weather conditions such as floods, snowfall, or rainfall.
7. Industrial Development: The presence of pipelines can spur industrial growth in surrounding areas, exemplified by the establishment of fertilizer industries along gas pipelines routes.

Disadvantages:

1. Vulnerability to Earthquakes: Pipelines face risks of damage during earthquakes, with detecting leakages and cracks proving challenging.
2. High Initial Costs: The initial investment required for laying pipelines is substantial, although maintenance costs are comparatively low.
3. Security Threats: Pipelines are susceptible to security threats posed by terrorist organizations, potentially impacting a nation’s economy and stability.
4. Limited Capacity Expansion: Once laid, increasing a pipeline’s capacity is challenging, often necessitating the construction of new pipelines.
5. Repair Challenges: Repairing pipelines, particularly in cases of leakages, can be complex and detection of leaks is difficult.

Despite these challenges, pipelines remain a preferred mode of transportation due to their efficiency, safety record, and environmental friendliness. As technology advances, addressing these challenges becomes imperative to ensure the continued reliability and sustainability of pipeline transportation systems.

Key Pipelines Fueling India’s Infrastructure

India’s pipeline network is a vital component of its infrastructure, facilitating the transportation of oil, gas, and other essential products across the nation. Here are some noteworthy pipelines that play a crucial role in India’s energy landscape:

1. Naharkatia-Nunmati-Barauni Pipeline: Constructed by Oil India, this pipeline stands as India’s maiden crude oil pipeline. It traverses from Assam to the Barauni refinery, boasting multiple branch pipelines that enhance its capacity.

2. Mumbai High-Mumbai Pipeline: Linking offshore oil fields in the Arabian Sea to Mumbai, this dual pipeline facilitates the transportation of both crude oil and natural gas, contributing significantly to the region’s energy needs.

3. Ankleshwar-Koyali Pipeline: Originating from the Ankleshwar oilfield in Gujarat, this pipeline serves the vital function of transporting crude oil to the Koyali refinery, ensuring a steady supply of crude for refining processes.

4. Salaya-Koyali-Mathura Pipeline: Spanning an impressive 1,256 kilometers, this pipeline plays a pivotal role in supplying crude oil to refineries located at Koyali, Mathura, Panipat, and Jalandhar. Additionally, it incorporates an offshore terminal, further bolstering its efficiency.

5. Hazira-Bijaypur-Jagdishpur Pipeline: Earning the distinction of India’s longest gas pipeline, this network carries gas to various power plants and fertilizer facilities across multiple states, underscoring its critical role in supporting industrial operations.

6. Jamnagar-Loni LPG Pipeline: Holding the title of the world’s longest pipeline, this infrastructure marvel transports LPG from Jamnagar to Loni, situated near Delhi. It caters to the LPG demands of numerous states, ensuring a reliable supply of this essential resource.

These pipelines collectively form the backbone of India’s oil, gas, and water transportation network, contributing significantly to the nation’s energy security and resource sustainability. With ongoing maintenance and strategic expansion efforts, these pipelines are poised to continue playing a pivotal role in India’s economic development for decades to come.

Source: Wiki

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