Summary
Chapter-8
Impact on Mughal Authority: The attack on the Mughal Empire was not merely military; it was a comprehensive erosion of imperial authority. The infighting among various noble factions (groups), notably the Iranis and Turanis, reduced Mughal emperors to mere puppets, with some even meeting tragic ends like assassination or blinding. This internal strife further debilitated the once-mighty empire, leaving it susceptible to external invasions and regional uprisings.
Economic Fallout and Nadir Shah’s Invasion: Economic hardships exacerbated the crisis, as illustrated by a contemporary account describing the financial bankruptcy of the empire. The invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739, culminating in the sacking of Delhi, left an indelible mark on the subcontinent. The looting of immense wealth, including the famed Peacock Throne, not only depleted the Mughal treasury but also symbolized the subjugation of imperial grandeur.
Rich harvests and empty coffers
The following is a contemporary writer’s account of the financial bankruptcy of the empire:
The great lords are helpless and impoverished. Their peasants raise two crops a year, but their lords see nothing of either, and their agents on the spot are virtual prisoners in the peasants’ hands, like a peasant kept in his creditor’s house until he can pay his debt. So complete is the collapse of all order and administration that though the peasant reaps a harvest of gold, his lord does not see so much as a wisp of straw. How then can the lord keep the armed force he should? How can he pay the soldiers who should go before him when he goes out, or the horsemen who should ride behind him?
Regional Rajput Ambitions: The Rajputs, historically linked with the Mughals, saw an opportunity to assert their autonomy during this tumultuous period. Rajput rulers like Ajit Singh and Sawai Raja Jai Singh not only served as governors in regions like Gujarat and Malwa but also sought to extend their territories by seizing portions of imperial lands. The Rajputs’ influence in the power corridors of Delhi and their military might made them pivotal players in the evolving political landscape.
Rajput leaders strategically erected hilltop forts, transforming them into power centers. These fortified structures, complete with urban hubs, palaces, temples, trade centers, and intricate water systems, like Chittorgarh fort, embody Rajput grandeur.
Sawai Jai Singh, the ruler of Amber constructed five astronomical observatories, one each in Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura and Varanasi. Commonly known as Jantar Mantar, these observatories had various instruments to study heavenly bodies.
Sikh Consolidation and Maratha Administrative Brilliance: Meanwhile, in the north and west, the Sikhs and Marathas were crafting their destinies. The Sikhs, after their initial resistance and the leadership of Banda Bahadur, adopted a systematic approach to governance. The creation of jathas and misls, culminating in the grand army (dal khalsa), showcased their organizational acumen. The Marathas, beyond their military triumphs, implemented an effective administrative system in the regions they conquered, fostering agriculture and trade. This dual strategy strengthened their empire and solidified their influence.
Towards the close of the 17th century, a formidable state began to take shape in the Deccan, led by Shivaji, ultimately culminating in the establishment of the Maratha state. Born to Shahji and Jija Bai in 1630 at Shivneri, Shivaji, guided by his mother and mentor Dada Konddev, commenced a conquest-driven journey at a tender age. The occupation of Javli solidified his position as the unrivaled leader of the Mavala highlands, setting the stage for further territorial expansion. His remarkable exploits against the forces of Bijapur and the Mughals elevated him to legendary status, often employing guerrilla tactics in his military strategies. Shivaji’s introduction of an efficient administrative system, coupled with a revenue collection method centered on chauth and sardeshmukhi, laid the groundwork for a robust Maratha state.
Jat Prosperity and Architectural Legacy: In the northwest, the Jats not only consolidated their power but also witnessed economic prosperity. Towns like Panipat and Ballabhgarh flourished as trading centers. The architectural marvels like the Bharatpur Fort and the garden palace at Dig were emblematic of the Jats’ rising influence and their ability to blend tradition with innovation.
Legacy and Lessons: The 18th century in India, marked by the rise of regional powers and the decline of the Mughal Empire, is a tableau of resilience, ambition, and adaptation. The era laid the foundation for the diversity and complexity that define India’s political landscape today.
Conclusion: Unraveling India’s Historical Narrative: As we delve into the nuances of this transformative epoch, we unravel the intricate threads that continue to weave the tapestry of India’s historical narrative. The lessons from this period resonate, highlighting the importance of adaptability, administrative efficacy, and regional autonomy in navigating the shifting sands of political power. The legacies of Sikh, Maratha, Rajput, and Jat influences echo through the corridors of time, contributing to the mosaic of India’s rich and diverse history.